bantu expansion genocide

of the Congo rainforest at its periphery, for instance along the coasts of South Cameroon, Gabon, and Congo (11, 16, 19).A second event at 2,500 B.P. The majority of sub-Saharan Africans speak one or more Bantu languages and modern African states are heavily affected by their Bantu-migrant predecessors. cit. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. They expanded and took the land which is exactly what they will do to Somalia soon if Somalis don't put a stop to it. for this article. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and environmental evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. I'd imagine it's the same way. They suffered a genocide, at the hands of europeans and bantu peoples. The Aka or Bayaka Pygmies still speak their own language, unlike the more famous Mbuti Pygmies, who have fully adopted the languages of their Bantu overlords. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. via language shift and admixture of incoming and existing populations). As usual, the argument is one of semantics. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. This empire was one of the most powerful in African History and left an indelible mark on modern-day South Africa. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-ttbxf A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Press J to jump to the feed. [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. See below. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. Has data issue: true The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. Bantu people were in far greater numbers and pretty much absorbed most of these groups. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. In the East, Bantu-speakers settled around the Great Lakes region and created a new population centre supported by a resource-rich environment. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? [5], The expansion is believed to have taken place in at least two waves, between about 3,000 and 2,000 years ago (approximately 1,000 BC to AD 1). https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6, https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. Also when the Portuguese started buying slaves from Africa the Bantu Expansion was given a new boost. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. followed by the recent Bantu expansion separating the two regions.One . Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Again, you do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. Bantu Expansion isnt real. 2002). They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. Unfortunately, it is also greatly understudied and often unknown to history enthusiasts. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. 18091. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. III and VII.Google Scholar, 25 For example, Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 110.Google Scholar, 26 Ihle, A., Das alte Knigreich Kongo (Leipzig, 1929).Google Scholar, 27 Oliver and Mathew, op. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so. Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. the bantu empire - two millenia of black supremacy, conquest, genocide, rape, war & colonisation! Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. Oliver and Mathew, op. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. cit. fall into the classification of genocide. A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Others reached South Africa by 500CE and mixed with the native Khoisan-speaking people, contributing to the countrys vast diversity today. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. He says that Mali wasn't a civilisation in one video, yet in another video, he says that Mali was an empire. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. Enter your library card number to sign in. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. [39][40] The Swahili city-states were also established early in this period. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. Personal communication from Mr Fagg.Google Scholar, 14 Unless otherwise stated, all carbon dates are taken from the summaries published in the Journal of African History, II (1961), 1379, and IV (1963), 5278.Google Scholar, 15 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. The linguistic core of the Bantu languages, which comprise a branch of the Atlantic-Congo language family, was located in the southern regions of Cameroon. 18091. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. It is reprinted here with the agreement of the R.S.A.Google Scholar, 2 Johnston, H. H., A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, XLIII (1913), 3912.Google Scholar, 3 Wrigley, C. C., Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Journal of African History, I (1960), 201.Google Scholar, 4 McBurney, C. B. M., The Stone Age of Northern Africa (1960), 234.Google Scholar. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. Total loading time: 0 Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. He introduced concepts of warfare and weaponry revolutionary in his age, and upon the death of Dingiswayo, he assumed the paramountcy of what is today known as Zululand. and Same reason we don't call the Indo European migrations a genocide. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. Beginning around 1500BCE, members of the proto-Bantu language group migrated eastward and southward from West Africa, crossing vast swathes of the continent over hundreds of years. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. What area? I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. It never happened. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. But the Zulu race itself was not innocent of genocide. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. The migrants settled in three primary areas. I did not know this at first but another historical Reddit page took my question down because of it. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. Thus they will have a small pool of their specific Y-DNA just by the numbers. The Urewe culture dominated the Great Lakes region between 650BC and 550BC. Zulu Warriors in full Battle Regalia Source: i.imgur.com. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. The Zulu are a military people, forged in a crucible of violence and predatory warfare, and in the early decades of the 19th century, they emerged as a martial society on an almost Spartan scale. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. . Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. [34], Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. There is strength in numbers and our Bantu speaking ancestors always had large families consistent with our pro-natalist mindset. Typical grifter contradictions. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. These innovations facilitated population growth and the division of labour, forming powerful Bantu-controlled African states in the process. [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Cushites and more specifically Somali genocide is unfortunately coming. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. They generally lack case inflection, but grammatical gender is characteristic, with some languages having two dozen genders (noun classes). That shows sexual migratory activity not genocide. Its a MYTH. Of course not. They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. . However, I've been told by numerous South Africans that the Khoisan have peacefully lived by Nguni peoples for thousands of years and that it is a division tactic. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. They inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, deals with honey collecting, or is otherwise specialised for the forest and is shared between western Batwa groups. However, this estimated expansion time could represent an underestimation and may simply show the expansion of a subset of the diversity within haplogroup R1b1* to west Central Africa through the Bantu expansion, having been shown to be especially frequent in northern Cameroon, near the putative Bantu expansion origin (Cruciani et al. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion.

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