cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?

Below this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer, which usually has low permeability. Surface water. Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. Leave a comment The Lake Chad basin contains three main geological units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia The Kenya Water Resources Management Authority shall have the following powers and functions: Some - eg Mamf - contain evaporites. Little is known of the Cretaceous lower aquifer, which is composed of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire, with fossil and highly mineralized groundwater (GWP 2013). These sandstones form a productive aquifer, with permeabilities of around 8 to 80 m/day; transmissivities of 300 to 1700 m/day; and a storage coefficient of 0.025. Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. Kill investigation to study carnivore diet is biased towards larger species that are easier to detect using GPS data since predators will stay longer at a the kill of a larger prey animal, and using carcasses alone clearly underestimates the number of feeding events on small species, sometimes up to 50% [3], [4]. During the study period, adult male and female lions were sighted together in only 7% of the sightings (n=1710). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055182, Editor: Matt Hayward, Was established in 1996 and it is managed by the pvt. Certain details were gradually implemented to ensure that the environment of the areas where they were detained were close to if not identical to the habitat where they originally lived in. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. Chari has a length of 590 miles, part of which forms international border between Chad and Cameroon. Hence male and female data were analysed separately. Where multi-species classes were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the species included. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. British Geological Survey. Seasonal prey availability estimates for Hwange used in this analysis were taken from published road transect data for Sinamatella, Main Camp and Ngamo areas, which cover our study area [36]. Sights in Tsavo - Lonely Planet. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! 1). Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas . Our safari planners aren't available now. 2009). In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. We systematically searched for potential lion kill sites by identifying clusters of x:y location coordinates including 4 hours of sequential locations within a defined proximity (150 m), and these were then investigated on foot (see also [4], [24]). In contrast, analysis of faeces tends to be biased against species with less hair, such as elephants, and very large bodied prey for which the body surface/volume ratio is smaller than for smaller species [37], and hence the likelihood of predators eating hairs is smaller. Faecal data, mainly representative of female diet, suggest that kudu (revealed as the second main prey for females from kill data) may be an equally important prey species for female lions and that this species may be under-represented by kill data. A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. We owe thanks to Wilderness Safaris, The Hide Safaris, Touch the Wild Safaris, Zimbabwe Sun international and the Gwaai ICA for permission to work on their concessions. We recognise that there may have been a small number of instances where lions scavenged other predators kills, however, we assume this to be negligible based on our kill site classification methodology. feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. Lake Chad Basin Aquifer - Cretaceous to Quaternary. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. Cameroons national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007. Where is Cameroon in the World? Nonetheless, kill investigations revealed that elephant is an important prey species, contributing 23% and 20% of biomass to male and female lion diet respectively. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Prey species proportional biomass contributing to lion diet, as detected from kills, faecal samples and observed hunts. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? 2013. Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin. Sossusvlei Seasonal surface-water dynamics thus, influences the probability which predators can find prey and is likely to have several consequences for the ecology of predator-prey interactions. Following established methods, hair cross-sections and scale pattern imprints were prepared for microscopic analysis using a Watson Microsystem 70 microscope [28], [29]. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. 1). Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. 2). For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. The local presence of evaporites in the Mamf basin leads to groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Then-Gov. German Development Institute. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Indeed, it has become apparent in Southern Africa that male lions hunt successfully and quite often in the absence of female lions [25], [26]. Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK. Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. The river is an important fishing ground for local communities. Given the propensity of kill investigations to be biased towards large prey, this is likely an underestimation and it should be considered that juvenile zebra are highly selected for by lions. Laboratoire de Biomtrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Universit Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Bt Gregor Mendel, Villeurbanne, France, Affiliation: If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. 1988. Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. Like the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and thus! Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). Kill analysis revealed 14 different species being utilised by lions (Table 1). April 20, 2022 _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? Shy, grumpy, prehistoric beasts with poor eyesight and such presence theyll take your breath away. Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. Overall, Jacobss indices showed avoidance of small antelopes and megaherbivores (elephant and giraffe) except for female lions which showed a slight preference for elephants in the wet season and consumed giraffe in proportion to their availability in the early and dry seasons (Fig. Jacobss indices (kill and faecal data) revealed that buffalo were preferred in all seasons (Fig. Etosha Cameroon's national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Australia, Received: October 1, 2012; Accepted: December 19, 2012; Published: February 6, 2013. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript. The pools go by a variety of names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, hog wallows, sinks, and kettles. Vassolo S. 2012. Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. 2009. For females, some seasonal differences were detected due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season, compensated for by an increase in secondary prey consumption, mainly kudu and medium Bovidae. The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Cameroon. Volcanic centres form moderately to highly productive fractured/weathered aquifers. Aggregation of herbivores at waterholes in the late dry season and wet season dispersion of herbivore herds, and particularly of buffalo herds, were expected to lead to pronounced seasonal foraging patterns for lions. Miniature waterfalls sprung up overnight cascading down rocky outcrops and bursting over gullies, only to disappear again at the first sign of sunshine. These basins generally form low to moderately productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour. Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon. However, no significant shift in prey was revealed. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected zone around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. Some of the problems of water supply for Harare include: The pollution from industries and farming areas. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. Schedule a phone or Zoom call with one of our safari planners, Complete our travel enquiry form to connect with a safari planner. The former French colony won independence in 1960, and the former British colony joined with it in 1961. Small antelopes contributed 1% to lion diet by relative biomass consumed. 3A). For males, buffalo was followed by the class medium Bovidae (11%) - class dominated by sable and wildebeest for kill data -, elephant (9%) and zebra (8%), together accounting for 84% of the prey detected (Table 1). In 1884 the territory of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, and after the First World War divided between France and the UK. The importance of buffalo was more pronounced for male lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [39]. Jacobss index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal samples. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Swakopmund, Pretoria changing relative selection of prey species between seasons, is not characteristic of the Hwange lion population at least for the primary prey. Working to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and nature. Samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis. The main aquifer in this basin is formed of unconsolidated Pliocene (Tertiary)-Quaternary sands, which form an upper and a lower aquifer, separated by a clay layer. We arbitrarily assigned the average adult female weight, with the exception of elephant as predominantly juveniles are preyed upon in dry periods [19], for each sample to allow a crude comparison with kill data. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. The remaining species contributed less than 5% per species. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. This is due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season which is compensated by an increase in other species consumption (Table 1). Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. Lions were one of those species which were not spared from the curiosity of the world. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Boxes show medians, 25% and 75% quartiles. Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult. Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%), Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%), Population affected by water related disease, Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year), Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year), Freshwater withdrawal as% of total renewable water resources, Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year), Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year, Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources), Irrigation water requirement (all water sources), Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha). Unfortunately, it is also a country where wildlife is subject to a wide and intense array of human pressures. No seasonal difference in male lion diet was detected, due to the prime importance of buffalo throughout the year. In Hwange, previous findings have shown that lion home range size was influenced by buffalo density in the late dry season ([40]). The Black Umfolozi River is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat around the water. Three seasons are distinguished: the wet season (November-February), with long-term mean rainfall of 513.6160.0 mm, wide spread surface-water availability and abundant, high quality browse and grazing; the early dry season (March-June), long-term mean rainfall of 111.172.8 mm with decreasing fodder quality and surface-water availability; and the late dry season (JulyOctober), long-term mean rainfall of 25.026.6 mm with surface-water restricted to artificial waterholes and very few natural pans, while deciduous trees lose their foliage and both browse and grazing is of the lowest quality during the year. Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . There is no perennial water in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year only in high rainfall years. We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. Radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework of long-term monitoring protocols. A male Lion will develop a mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black. Dots represent data outside this range. The most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56% for males and 33% for females. Groundwater in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of good quality. In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. Many springs occur. Of the 322 billion cubic meters of total available water resources, groundwater constitutes 21% (57 billion cubic meters) of this resource (Ako Ako et al. Juveniles were taken almost exclusively (Fig. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. It is located in rural area. Some of the most mineralised groundwater is in volcanic aquifers, but the most mineralised are springs in the Mamf basin that are related to evaporites. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021 Subscribe to the texas a&m today newsletter for the latest news and stories every week. We used data from 74 faecal samples. This study revealed seasonal patterns in secondary prey consumption by female lions partly based on prey ecology with browsers, such as giraffe and kudu, mainly consumed in the early dry season, and grazers, such as zebra and suids, contributing more to female diet in the late dry season. In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. Understanding how predators make use of their environment and how actions such as augmenting water supply can alter their behavioural ecology, has implications for the long term sustainability of predator-prey systems. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. Smithsonian's national zoo curtin 4 sources and specific techniques used in african history: The black umfolozi river is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. The access rate to fresh water is still low and far from the millennium's goal target (43,9%); the rate of water sanitation and hygiene is worse (36%). The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. Water Practice and Technology. The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). The Democratic Republic . Boreholes. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. The river has been exploited by local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation. 1). Sanou, S M, Temgoua, E, Guetiya, W R, Arienzo, A, Losito, F, Fokam, J, Onohiol, J F, Djeunang, B, Zambou, N F, Russo, G, Antonini, G, Pan, A and Colizzi, V. 2015. WWF findings show that cholera and typhoid are amongst the top health challenges within communities near rivers due to inaccessibility to drinkable water. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon. Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). Andrew J. Loveridge, The coast is hot and very wet, with only a short dry season. Since the 1980s, the government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international donors and development partners. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). They pronk: bounce with all four feet alternatively on and off the ground, for what seems to be pure joy. Water and Sanitation Program. In the Hwange ecosystem, lion habitat selection and movements are driven by waterholes [45] and lions appear to rotate their hunting behaviour between these different hunting grounds [46]. Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon. Twelve-year-old Akoela Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here. Your email address will not be published. The Ministry of Water Resources and Energy / Ministere De Leau Et De Lenergie (MINEE) has responsibility for water supply and sanitation in both rural areas and towns through the Directorate of Directorate of Water (DE: Direction de lEau). Groundwater in the upper Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is typically of Na-Cl type and brackish. Overall, relative seasonal contribution revealed that grazers, such as Suidae and zebra, contribute more to lion diet in the late dry season when these species are heavily dependent on frequent access to surface-water. Zeke Davidson, The basin is shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan and Libya. Jacobs indices based on faecal data are closer to those for females based on kill data, which is to be expected as most faecal samples were collected at female kill sites. Hence, buffalo are likely to have a crucial influence on the spatial and behavioural ecology of lions in the Hwange ecosystem in all seasons. Many studies have suggested two principal causes: (1) human activities such as poor farming practices,. Artesian pressure is being reduced, possibly due to over pumping. The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. Artificial waterholes act as powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year. Livestock agriculture and fishing are also important, and the commercial bushmeat trade is large enough to threaten wildlife. It is used to supplement the domestic and industrial water demand of Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). 2011. Pronounced correctly, with a harsh and rolling g, the word sounds nothing like the perfect angles and subtle patterns this lovely antelope displays. With the help of hydrology experts and in support of the kenya wildlife service, we have drilled 32 boreholes, including 29 boreholes in the tsavo conservation area. The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see the Geology resources page for more details). In recognising this, the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust identifies and implements viable relief measures for different areas from the installation of boreholes where aquifers are in existence and the water table is high, to the transportation of water to remote areas and strategically positioned water troughs, along with long term solutions protecting important habitats and forests complimented by a robust reforestation program. When more than one prey species is available, predators are able to shift prey selection depending on relative prey availability [21]. Occasionally, falling water tables in the dry season cause a reversal of the hydraulic gradient and seawater intrusion. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. 2). Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. Shallow coastal aquifers are subject to seawater intrusion. They rely on some of the Kalahari's plants that have also adapted to the dry conditions and either store water or have mechanisms to prevent excess water loss. I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Park, Cameroon, in 2008 through an interview survey water downstream during this.! Water sources are also considered crucial in lion habitat selection in the Serengeti [47] and thought to act as passive traps for ungulates in the Kruger ecosystem [5], [48]. This section provides a summary of the geology of Cameroon. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. Thus the importance of buffalo as prey is despite dry season variations when nutrition and water deprivation weaken susceptible individuals (young and old). It is located in banakata. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon. Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, this country is surrounded by six other African countries, as well as three bodies of water. The combined thickness of laterite and weathered basement is usually between 8 and 20 m (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. Groundwater quality is generally good. While many streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable. We're sorry. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected "zone" around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. Alker M. 2008. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. This index minimises the biases associated with small sample size (prey proportions below 10%), rare food items and non-linearity in proportional use over time [6]. For each hair the cross-section and a scale pattern was photographed and identified to species level using photographic reference libraries [30][33] as well as unpublished photographic reference libraries compiled from carcass, capture and museum specimen animals in situ in Zimbabwe. Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. The two aquifers are separated by mudstones of the Nkappa formation. Swakopmund, Namibia Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. The upland regions have highland forest type vegetation. Igiene e sanita pubblica, 71(1), 21-37. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Performed the experiments: ZD JEH FVK. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. Contrary to our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions. In: Groundwater quality in Africa, ed. Favourable soils and climate have allowed plantation agriculture to flourish, with extensive export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo. 18, ST/TCD/5. Unique social system found in famous Tsavo lions - EurekAlert! Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). Additionally, dry season scarcity of good quality forage, exacerbated by local depletion around water sources, tends to make certain herbivores more vulnerable to predation, particularly during low rainfall periods [16][19]. The uppermost sandy layer is hydraulically connected with brackish waters in the Wouri estuary, and saline waters of the coastal wetlands. The frequency of occurrence of species in the faecal dataset was highest for kudu (24%) followed by buffalo and medium Bovidae (each representing 18%; the medium Bovidae class is dominated by sable and eland for faecal data), small antelopes (17%), and giraffe (7%) collectively contributing 84% of the species found in faecal samples (Table 2). Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. 1). Very high fluoride concentrations are seen in the southwest of the basin, causing dental fluorosis (Mafany and Fantong 2006). For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918. dbquest america's founding preambles starter activity answer key, jake hamilton stayt, loving soap opera dvd, conservative cities in california 2021, jessica cadwalader cause of death, chris harven today, how to keep marker from bleeding on wood, julian baker baker brothers, curlin vs cadd pump, delta sigma theta community service requirements, nova lux reznor, lodi youth basketball, ethical issues in organizational development pdf, can the same book have different isbn numbers, can you drink alcohol after ipl treatment,

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