was stalin a fair leader

[421] The first Moscow Trial took place in August 1936; Kamenev and Zinoviev were among those accused of plotting assassinations, found guilty in a show trial, and executed. [233] Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. [279] In his private life, he divided his time between his Kremlin apartment and a dacha at Zubalova;[280] his wife gave birth to a daughter, Svetlana, in February 1926. By 1937, he had absolute control over the party and government. [230] Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. [405] At the Communist International's 7th Congress, held in JulyAugust 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism. In April 1932, Nikolai Shvernik, the head of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, informed Stalin and Lazar Kaganovich that Soviet workers were rebelling against "starvation" rations implemented on the first of the month. [320] According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was "the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country. After having examined the true factors that led to Trotsky not being able to become the sole leader of Soviet Russia since he was the favorite Candidate, this investigation came to the conclusion that Stalin's political skill and ruthlessness was the most important cause of Trotsky's downfall because his weaknesses were only limited to his complacency and party views. [743] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. Fair leadership doesn't use power to make arbitrary and . Since the 1920s, he'd ruled with an iron fist. [891] Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. [624] The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading the south in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. [940] There have also been requests by communist officials to canonize Stalin as an official saint, although these requests were never implemented the author referencing the church's suffering under Stalin's rule. The widely covered 1943 Tehran summit saw Allied leaders Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill assemble for the first time. [528] Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of Knigsberg be declared Soviet territory. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports", "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography", "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 193045", "Controversy in Moscow: Stalin icon revered", "The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion", "Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori", "Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times", "Stalin as a Neo-Pagan Deity in Contemporary Russia", "Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past", "Josef Stalin: communist, murderer - saint? [673] The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S.,[674] pursuing a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953. [163] This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time.[164]. [795] He was instead an emotionally intelligent and feeling intellectual. ", "Record 70 Percent of Russians Say Stalin Played a Positive Role in Their Country's History", "In Russia, Nostalgia for USSR and Positive Feelings about Stalin", "Giant new Russian cathedral glorifies Putin and Stalin in mosaics", "Perspective Putin's dangerous campaign to rehabilitate Stalin", "Siberian Pensioner Is Grandson of Josef Stalin, DNA Test Reveals", "Stalin's Approval Rating Among Russians Hits Record High Poll", "Positive Views of Stalin among Russian Reach 16-year High, Poll Shows", "Ukraine Stands by Its View of Stalin as Villain President (Update 1)", "Wall of Grief: Putin Opens First Soviet Victims Memorial", "Why So Many Russian like Dictator Stalin", "Why did the USSR help to create Israel, but then became its foe", "Do Stalina pozytyvno stavlyatsya menshe 1/5 ukrayintsiv", " . . ", "A Tale of "Two Totalitarianisms": The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism", "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 19311933", "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. [813] He also enjoyed practical jokes; for instance, he would place a tomato on the seat of Politburo members and wait for them to sit on it. [846] Yakov had a daughter, Galina, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. [1] [2] He has led campaigns against the militarisation of education in Sri Lanka. [157] Stalin was required to serve four more months of his exile, and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk. Theories proposed Stalin's involvement with Vladimir's death, in which Stalin later admitted to via letter. Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[253] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. The Truth Stalin suffered a major stroke on March 1, 1953, but treatment was delayed from reaching him as a direct result of his actions over the previous decades. [557] His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. [45] He had a light workload and therefore had plenty of time for revolutionary activity. [51] He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. [662] The crowds of people coming to view the body were so large and disorganized that about 100 people were killed in the crush. [151][152], In Kureika, Stalin lived among the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak peoples,[153] and spent much of his time fishing. Firstly, a strong reason why Stalin became the leader of the USSR was, in 1925 his policy of 'socialism in one country' proved very popular with party members. [741], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. [267], Lenin died in January 1924. . [213], In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. His work is disregarded as polemical, but has a strange life online, where it is cited regularly by anyone who wants to score a quick victory for Mao. Some might say he was a good. [683] Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his "dogmatic turn of mind", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. [561] In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. [804] Little of this was fiction,[805] although he could cite passages from Alexander Pushkin, Nikolay Nekrasov, and Walt Whitman by heart. [692] The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. [566] In the Baltic states, where there was much opposition to Soviet rule, de-kulakisation and de-clericalisation programs were initiated, resulting in 142,000 deportations between 1945 and 1949. [84] On arrival, he met Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, who informed him that the venue had been moved to Tampere in the Grand Duchy of Finland. [238], The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination; in February 1921 it invaded the Menshevik-governed Georgia,[239] while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into Turkestan to reassert Russian state control. Watch: When Rahul Gandhi got stumped over fuel prices . [817] His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities. [456] Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. [378] In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. [570] In the war's aftermath, some of Stalin's associates suggested modifications to government policy. Some weeks after the controversy, the Patriarchate of Moscow forced Zhakov to remove the icon of Stalin from his parish. [72], In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. [900], With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labelled "one of the most notorious figures in history. [6] His birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili,[d] and he was nicknamed "Soso", a diminutive of "Ioseb". [568] It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. Demanding that Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev apologise to the Party for the errors when they lost votes at the Party Congress. Not the Last Word", "The Personality Cult of Stalin in Soviet Posters, 19291953", "Ukraine Court Finds Bolsheviks Guilty of Holodomor Genocide", Stalin Library (with all 13 volumes of Stalin's, Library of Congress: Revelations from the Russian Archives, Electronic archive of Stalin's letters and presentations, Joseph Stalin Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, Stalin Biography from Spartacus Educational, A List of Key Documentary Material on Stalin, Stalinka: The Digital Library of Staliniana, Electronic archive of Stalins letters and presentations, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Stalin&oldid=1133956104, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 08:16. [83], In November 1905, the Georgian Bolsheviks elected Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik conference in Saint Petersburg. [673], Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen,[677] and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life;[678] according to Kotkin, Stalin held "zealous Marxist convictions",[679] while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a "quasi-religious" value for Stalin. [915] Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. [446] As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility from himself,[447] blaming its "excesses" and "violations of law" on Yezhov. [420], Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee: denounced as Western-backed mercenaries, many were imprisoned or exiled internally. Stalin presided over the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949. [720] In private he often used coarse language and profanity, although avoided doing so in public. [734] His writing style was similar, being characterised by its simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. [855] After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. [474] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. He and Hitler were about the same height, approximately five feet, eight. [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. [522] Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. Initially, Lenin's death was blamed on a series of strokes. 6 December]1878[1] 5 March 1953) was a Georgian-born[h] Soviet revolutionary and political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles to Siberia. Submitted by sgel on June 17, 2011. [706] In the personality cult constructed around him, he was known as the vozhd, an equivalent to the Italian duce and German fhrer. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin at least since 2008. "[694], Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. [547] Stalin was pressed by his allies to enter the war and wanted to cement the Soviet Union's strategic position in Asia. Stalin was clever in his tactics to become leader. [718] Stalin's push for Soviet westward expansion into eastern Europe resulted in accusations of Russian imperialism. December 21, 1878 - March 5, 1953. [530] Discussing the fate of the Balkans, later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West. [502] The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment,[503] while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of "rootless cosmopolitanism", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. [207] He befriended two military figures, Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny, who would form the nucleus of his military and political support base. [660] His body was embalmed,[661] and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. [641] In November, the Slnsk trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. He used no principles, no mercy, and no ethics. [105] They also kidnapped the children of several wealthy figures to extract ransom money. Machiavelli in our time. Stalin, under the rules of the Party, was now the de-facto successor of Lenin. [397] A number of authorised Stalin biographies were also published,[398] although Stalin generally wanted to be portrayed as the embodiment of the Communist Party rather than have his life story explored. A California professor was widely hounded on Twitter for praising the legacy of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, calling him "one of the great leaders" of the 20th century. [307] In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. [599], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. Reason 3: He was Stalin Reason 4: He killed between six million and 20 million people. His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Erivan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. [400], Seeking improved international relations, in 1934 the Soviet Union secured membership of the League of Nations, from which it had previously been excluded. [782], Stalin was ruthless,[783] temperamentally cruel,[784] and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. [215] In September he was returned to the Southern Front. [716] He was of the view that if they became fully autonomous, then they would end up being controlled by the most reactionary elements of their community; as an example he cited the largely illiterate Tatars, whom he claimed would end up dominated by their mullahs. Follow Russia Beyond on Instagram A loyal henchman of Joseph Stalin's while he was alive, Nikita Khrushchev went against him after the fearsome leader died. [722] It has been argued that his ancestry was Ossetian, because his genetic haplotype (G2a-Z6653) is considered typical of the Ossetians, but he never acknowledged an Ossetian identity. Stalin was born in the Georgian town of Gori,[2] then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire and home to a mix of Georgian, Azeri, Armenian, Russian, and Jewish communities. [369] At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats, whom he called "social fascists";[370] Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. [377] Social unrest, previously restricted largely to the countryside, was increasingly evident in urban areas, prompting Stalin to ease on some of his economic policies in 1932. [759] In 1934, his new Kuntsevo Dacha was built; 9km from the Kremlin, it became his primary residence. [126] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. [681] Stalin believed in the need to adapt Marxism to changing circumstances; in 1917, he declared that "there is dogmatic Marxism and there is creative Marxism. Millions more fell victim to forced labor, deportation, famine, massacres, and detention and interrogation by . Stalin's choices of policies (NEP and socialism in one country) During the beginning of the struggle for power after Lenin died Stalin formed an alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1923, this was purely to keep Trotsky out of power. 270, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors;[492] among those taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans was Stalin's son Yakov, who died in their custody. [609] In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from MarxistLeninist doctrine. [62], Stalin left Batum in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. [894] Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. [147] In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. [595] [419] In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries from urban areas;[381] in early 1935, over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad. [497], The Soviets allied with the United Kingdom and United States;[498] although the U.S. joined the war against Germany in 1941, little direct American assistance reached the Soviets until late 1942. [194] In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. A+. [910], Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of de-Stalinization. [378] Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933. [880] He has also been labelled a "red fascist". [422] The second Moscow Show Trial took place in January 1937,[423] and the third in March 1938, in which Bukharin and Rykov were accused of involvement in the alleged Trotskyite-Zinovievite terrorist plot and sentenced to death. [215] During the war, he proved his worth to the Central Committee, displaying decisiveness, determination, and willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations. [120] In February 1912, Stalin again escaped to Saint Petersburg,[121] tasked with converting the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, Zvezda ("Star") into a daily, Pravda ("Truth"). [652] According to a report published in The New York Times, Stalin was poisoned with warfarin by his own Politburo members. fair elections Views: 47. the unchallenged leader of the Soviet Union. [282] Stalin saw Trotsky whom he personally despised[283] as the main obstacle to his dominance within the party. [168] In Lenin's absence, Stalin continued editing Pravda and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress, which was held covertly. The Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. [751] As leader, he rarely left Moscow unless to go to one of his dachas for holiday;[752] he disliked travel,[753] and refused to travel by plane. [647] In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. [692] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. [723] He remained proud of his Georgian identity,[724] and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. [418] By the latter part of 1937, the purges had moved beyond the party and were affecting the wider population. [580] In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950. But whether that's the case will likely forever remain a matter of speculation, Brent and Naumov concluded in Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948-1953 . [231], In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. [187] He co-signed Lenin's decrees shutting down hostile newspapers,[188] and along with Sverdlov, he chaired the sessions of the committee drafting a constitution for the new Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Fair warning: if the title isn't enough of a clue, there's a lot in this game . [77] Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. [144], In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. [625] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured military support for the South Koreans. [379] At the same time, penal sanctions became more severe; at Stalin's instigation, in August 1932 a decree was introduced wherein the theft of even a handful of grain could be a capital offence. [893], Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. )[38] He also read Das Kapital, the 1867 book by German sociological theorist Karl Marx. [148] In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygina, who was fourteen at the time but within the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. [55] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. [216] When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. Pathos and Ethos in Between the World and Me by Ta-Nahisi Coates and in "Letter From Birmingham Jail" [895] Since his death many more biographies have been written,[896] although until the 1980s these relied largely on the same sources of information. [835], Stalin was no womanizer. [254], In May 1922, a massive stroke left Lenin partially paralysed. After the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution and created a one-party state under the new Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. [678] Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment;[678] Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions. [534] As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the regionthe Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatarswere accused of having collaborated with the Germans. [531], In 1944, the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany,[532] including Operation Bagration, a massive offensive in the Byelorussian SSR against the German Army Group Centre. [537] Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20billion dollars in reparations, and that his country be permitted to annexe Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in exchange for entering the war against Japan. [906] Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. [617] Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [432], During the 1930s and 1940s, NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad;[433] in August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, eliminating the last of Stalin's opponents among the former Party leadership. [799] He enjoyed listening to classical music,[800] owning around 2,700 records,[801] and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. Joseph Stalin (trade unionist) Joseph Stalin is a Sri Lankan trade unionist, as of 2022 serving as general secretary of the Ceylon Teachers' Union. [553] Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. [820] People who knew him, such as Khrushchev, suggested he long harboured negative sentiments toward Jews,[821] and it has been argued that anti-Semitic trends in his policies were further fuelled by Stalin's struggle against Trotsky.

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